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Also, some species have a lip which does not flare outwards thatvisibly but is clearly thickened when viewed from the underside of shellaperture – examples are Partula navigatoria and P. garrettii
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除此之外，有些种类的壳唇在成熟时并不明显向外翻卷，但当从壳口下方观察时能发现它的壳口变得很厚——如Partula navigatoria和P. garrettii。
1.8 Behaviour
1.8.1 Activityand locomotion
In dry weatherpartulid snails seal themselves to their substrate but emerge and are moreactive after rain, especially at night, when they tend to move from restingunderneath leaves to actively foraging.
Experiments havedetermined the rate of dispersal of Partula taeniata at a mean of 2.8m (SD1.6m) movement from the sites of their original capture (Murray and Clarke1984) after 5 years. The maximum recorded gene flow measurements of 10 m after1 year, and 27 m after 13 years have been obtained. These measurementsconfirmed the hypothesis of very small neighbourhoods - approximately 200 m2 .Accelerated range expansion has occurred through the establishment of populationsby rare long-distance movements (passive dispersal) (Nichols and Hewitt, 1994).Recent re-introductions to the wild have shown strong upward dispersal afterrelease (Coote et al 2019)
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1.8 行为
1.8.1 活动
在天气较干燥时树蜗牛会把它们自己粘在附着的地方，但在雨后会探出壳外并变得更加活跃，尤其是在夜里，此时它们多从栖身的树叶下爬走并开始积极觅食。
经过5年的实验，已经由实验确定了Partula taeniata从原捕获地（以这样的方式）向周围扩散的范围均值为2.8米（标准差1.6米）（来自Murray和 Clarke1984），测量了两个基因流动距速率极值：1年10米和13年27米，证实了关于树蜗牛“小型种群”的假说——一个种群仅生存在约200平方米的狭小范围内。罕见的长距离移动能建立新的种群，加速该种生存范围的扩展（来自Nichols和Hewitt，1994）。
（除此之外），近年放归野外的树蜗牛展现了强大的垂直扩散能力。
1.8.2 Predation
Naturalpredators of Partulid snails would have been few but included native birds andlizards. Polynesians used to collect the snails for ornaments such as necklacesknown in Tahitian as ‘hei’, but there was no evidence of this significantlyaffecting wild populations. The introduction of alien predators has been themain recent threat (see 1.5).
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1.8.2 捕食
波利尼西亚树蜗牛的天敌原本很少，包括一些本地的鸟类和蜥蜴。波利尼西亚人收集蜗牛并制作成装饰品，如在塔希提岛被称为“hei”的项链。不过，没有证据表明这显著影响了树蜗牛的野外种群数量。
外来物种的入侵才是近代以来主要的威胁（见1.5）。

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1.8.3 Social andsexual behaviour
Snails ofseveral species of Partula used to be found in very high adult numbers insuitable habitat before the impact of predators, with densities of 20 per metre(Johnson et al 1993). In contrast, some Samoana would only be seen individuallyor in small numbers, however this may be linked to them being more montane.Young stages were rarely seen, especially newborns, which are obviously harderto observe but also either hide effectively in foliage or were more elevated.
Where differentspecies were found in the wild, they were rarely found together, with theexpectation that each had some subtle preference for niche usage. A maximum ofthree sympatric species were found on Moorea (Johnson et al, 1993).
Mating behaviouris similar to other terrestrial snails, though partulids do not fire‘love-darts’ as is observed in many other families. Courtship behaviour hasbeen described by Lipton (1979) and Lipton and Murray (1979).
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1.8.3社会行为与性行为
在受到捕食者的影响前，曾发现过几种帕图螺成体在合适的栖息地中有巨大的种群数量，密度达到20只每平方米（来自Johnson等，1993）。相比之下，一些萨摩亚蜗牛属成员只会单独或少量出现，不过这可能是由于它们（的居住地）更加山地化。幼体很难见到，尤其是新生幼体，它们（由于体型的原因）很明显难以观察，且在枝叶间隐藏的更好，抑或是生活在更高的植被上。
野外不同种类的树蜗牛很少共存，人们猜测这是由于每个种都有其微妙的生态位偏好。在茉莉雅岛上最多能有三个物种共存（来自Johnson等，1993）。
（树蜗牛的）交配行为与其它陆贝相似，但帕图螺并不会像其它很多陆贝一样使用“恋矢”。Lipton和Murray（1979）对其求偶行为进行了描述。

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Section 2: Management in Zoos and Aquariums
Partulid species and sub-species maintained in the International conservation breeding programme (as of January 2018)：

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第二部分：人工饲育
国际保护性繁育计划（截至2018年1月）中包括的种和亚种一览：
The captive maintenance of partulid snails has evolved over time into the main recommended procedure as follows. Although some experimentation has taken place, the snails do seem sensitive to change, and therefore caution is advised with any deviation from this procedure (which should only be considered with agreement from the species co-ordinator). The current protocols have worked very well for the majority of species so should be adhered to, unless agreed experimentation with snails deemed as excess stock.
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随着时间的推移，已经发展出了一套针对帕图螺的饲育方法。虽然已经进行了一些实验，但树蜗牛似乎对变化非常敏感，因此任何偏离此程序的地方均应谨慎行事（只有在征得专业人士同意的情况下才应考虑创新）。目前的饲育方式对大多数物种都很有效，因此应该遵守，除非您获准使用被认为是过剩的蜗牛进行试验。
Note these intensive ‘artificial’ rearing methods have proved very successful over the long term (several decades without supplementation from the wild) for most taxa. The snails have never thrived in naturalistic enclosures e.g. with plants and soil substrate, and there has been very limited success with releases into biome-type forest displays, but no long-term survival.
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注：对大多数帕图螺而言这种密集的“人工”饲养取得了长期的成功（几十年来没有自野生环境补充个体）。（人工繁殖的）蜗牛从未在自然环境中，如在植物和土壤基质中，繁衍生息。那些被释放到具备完整生物群落的森林中的人工个体所取得的成功非常有限，更别提长期存活了。

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2.1 Enclosure 饲养空间的选择
Although populations of snails are maintained in a number of individual containers, a key enclosure consideration is the wider room environment in which they are held. Ideally this should be a dedicated animal room capable of providing the required temperature and humidity range (20-24˚C and 60 – 80% respectively). See 2.1.4 for environment details.
It is recommended the room where the snails are held is self-contained for maintenance and improved quarantine, with shelving racks, worktops, dedicated equipment and spare container storage and a sink/drainer plus room for a dishwasher. The room should have a threshold to allow suitable quarantine, with isolation from other species (particularly molluscs) and use of lab coats. If possible, this facility should be on display, where the public can see the snails and staff maintaining them, with interpretation to explain the story. A variety of suitable graphic information is available to share, see EAZA Committee for assistance.
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尽管帕图螺种群被保存在一些独立容器中，较充裕的饲育环境仍是一个关键的考虑因素。理想情况下，这应该是一个能够提供其所需温湿度范围（温度20-24℃，相对湿度60–80%）的专用容器。详情见2.1.4。
建议使用单独的房间容纳蜗牛，以便养护或分盒饲养。房间中应配备货架、工作台、饲养设备、空容器箱、能排水的水槽，还另需安装洗碗机的空间。房间应当有专门的隔断以阻挡外面的其它生物（特别是软体动物），在内应着实验服。如果可能，此设施应面向公众开放，他们可以看到蜗牛和养护蜗牛的过程，并附带讲解。
（EAZA可以共享各种合适的图像资料，详情请咨询EAZA委员会）
Room design should also consider details such as having easily cleaned surfaces for sterilising. The floor should be of a ‘soft’ material such as linoleum, rather than stone or concrete where a dropped snail is more likely to be damaged on impact.
Individual enclosure design has evolved greatly from the initial lab-based keeping system of small plastic sandwich boxes (11cm wide by 17cm long by 5cm deep). Although these units are still used in a small number of cases (where very small populations are being maintained) comparative keeping trials have resulted in the current standard aquarium glass tanks (3mm glass with simple silicon sealant joins). The two main sizes in use are 40cm long by 25cm wide by 30cm high and the larger 50cm long by 25cm wide by 30 cm high. The former size is designed to allow a good fit of standard hygiene roll tissue to make maintenance easier.
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房间设计还应考虑细节，如采用易于清洁消毒的表面材料。地面应当采用“软”的材料比如油毡，而不是石头或混凝土，因为掉下来的蜗牛更容易在与硬质地面的撞击中受伤。
自最初实验室采用的小型塑料快餐盒（11厘米宽，17厘米长，5厘米高），饲养容器已经得到了很大的发展。尽管这种盒子仍在少数情况下使用（饲养少量蜗牛），但实际经验已确定了目前采用的水族玻璃箱（壁厚3毫米，简单的硅胶密封连接）。常用的尺寸是40厘米长，25厘米宽，30厘米高和较大的50厘米长，25厘米宽，30厘米高。前一种尺寸与标准卫生纸很契合，使维护更加便捷。

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All containersof snails should be clearly marked to identify the populations they hold. Thisshould include the enclosure number, ZIMS group number, species of Partula, andany further useful information. This should of course be linked to the ZIMSrecords.
It should beadded, there have been times when populations of some species have been highenough to allow experimentation with releases into biome-type areas. This hasnot proved very successful long term therefore this option is not discussed indetail here.
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所有装有蜗牛的容器都应清楚地标明其所装蜗牛的数量。这应该包括容器编号、ZIMS（Zoological Information Management System，动物信息管理系统）组编号、帕图螺种类以及任何其它有效信息。当然，这应该与ZIMS的记录相联系。
应该补充的是，有些树蜗牛的种群数量已经足够高，足以进行向生物群落类型区域释放的实验。不过长期来看这并不是很成功，因此这里不详细讨论这一方案。
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However, thishas allowed some observations of snails in semi-natural conditions(particularly see Pearce-Kelly et al 1995).
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然而，这（指这类野放计划）使得人们能够在半自然条件下观察到一些蜗牛（来自Pearce Kelly等，1995）。
2.1.1 Boundary
In addition tobeing able climbers, new-born snails are only a few mm long and therefore thetanks need to be escape-proof. A clingfilm cover over the top of the tankprevents escape and helps to provide the micro-humidity conditions. The sameprocedure applies for the Perspex boxes with the exception that the Clingfilmis placed on the open front of the upright box. The clingfilm must be of a typeidentified by the food safe symbol, and semi[1]permeable‘breathable’ type, not just plastic wrap. Perforated catering clingfilm on aroll is easiest to use (see product list). The clingfilm needs to be sealed allaround the outer edge of the tank, but care should be taken not to over-tightenwhich can lead to splits at the glass edges or tears in the perforation join.The clingfilm can be re-used and part rolled back when servicing, but normallyneeds replacing to remove build-up of slime/faeces after a few weeks dependanton stocking levels.
Care needs to betaken when servicing the container or counting the snails (especially if placedout on a worktop surface) as they can be surprisingly speedy and zip off whileyour back is turned!
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2.1.1容器壁的处理
新生的蜗牛不仅能够攀爬且只有几毫米长，因此饲养箱需要设置放逃装置。可将保鲜膜覆盖在水箱顶部防止出逃，并有助于提供合适的湿度条件。同样的程序适用于有机玻璃箱，但保鲜膜需要覆盖在前部开口处。保鲜膜必须具备食品安全标志标识，并且需是半透气的，而不仅仅是塑料膜。穿孔的食品用保鲜膜卷是最易使用的（可见于产品清单）。我们需将保鲜膜密封在罐外缘周围，但应注意不要蒙的过紧，否则会导致玻璃边缘裂开或保鲜膜连接处撕裂。保鲜膜可重复使用，在开箱维护时可部分卷起，但通常需要更换，以清除几周时间内积聚的粘液/粪便，具体取决于您的保鲜膜储备。
在维护容器或清点蜗牛（尤其是放在工作台面上）时要小心，因为它们出奇地快，而且会在你转身的时候飞速跑掉！
2.1.2 Substrate
The bottom of thestandard glass tank has four layers of 2-ply tissue roll (often called hygieneroll, R302 or equivalent). The small plastic box containers are provided with asimilar tissue base folded to size to create the same 4 layers, or single labbox type tissue (which typically measure 20 x 500px) repeatedly folded so as tocover the base of the up-turned box (see photo).

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2.1.2 垫材
标准玻璃罐的底部以双层纸巾卷覆盖四层（通常称为卫生纸，R302之类的）垫底。小塑料盒也有一个类似的纸巾垫，折叠成4层，或者以单个实验室用盒式纸巾（通常尺寸为20 x 20cm）重复折叠，以覆盖（边缘）上翻的盒子底座（如图）。

这部分发了4遍，每次都被吞，也不知道为啥，所以分成两半发。
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Caution: As thesnails will ingest some of the tissue substrate, care should be taken to avoiduse of perfumed or printed pattern varieties.
The tissue substrate needs to cover the entire base of the tank (or box) and isdampened with the same filtered tap water which is used for the diet make up(see 2.2.4) to a saturation level that is damp to the touch but not sodden. Ifthe tank substrate tissue appears too dry it can be given a spray in betweenfeed change times, but if too wet the base tissue should be changed.
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注意：由于蜗牛会（不可避免地）吃下一些纸巾，应注意避免使用带香气或带印刷图案的纸巾。
垫纸需要覆盖整个水槽（或盒子）的底部，并用过滤过的自来水（也用于配制食物，见2.2.4）润湿至饱和，即摸上去潮湿但不湿透。如果垫纸看起来太干的话可以在换食时喷一些水，但如果太湿则应更换垫纸。

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2.1.3 Furnishings and Maintenance
Other than the two Perspex food plates (see 2.2.3 and above photo) the only other furnishing is a small shallow-sided Petri dish (usually 125px diameter dishes) to keep the cuttlefish bone off the damp substrate, this can also be given holes cut out of the base, to facilitate drainage from accidental spraying (see 2.2.2). The food plates do also provide additional climbing and retreat areas. As the snails are arboreal in nature they will tend to favour the sides and top of the containers so what might at first appear to be a sparse and artificial set up does in fact allow the animals to express their natural climbing behaviour (in nature this would most often on the undersides of smooth leafed plants) and provides the required smooth surface for the snail to adhere to when resting. Often the snails exhibit thigmotaxis, where they prefer to be in contact with another surface, so will congregate at tank corners, under food plates or touching each other. This needs to be born in mind when servicing and they can also sometimes rest within the tissue, so it is best to press down the edges of the tissue base to retrieve small snails hiding in this way and avoid them potentially being accidentally thrown away.
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2.1.3 器材及其维护
除了两个有机玻璃材质的食盘（参见 2.2.3 和上图）之外，饲养环境中唯一的其他器材是一个小的浅边培养皿（通常直径为 5 厘米的培养皿），它可以保持墨鱼骨远离潮湿的垫纸。可以在培养皿的底部打一些孔，以让喷水时洒入培养皿的水能够及时排走（见 2.2.2）。食盘本身为蜗牛提供了额外的攀爬和休息区域。请记住，这些蜗牛是树栖的，它们更喜欢待在容器的侧面和顶部，因此乍一看稀稀落落的环境布置实际上能让蜗牛的攀爬本能得到充分的释放（在自然界中，它们通常生活在一些具有光滑叶片的植物的叶背面），也为休息的蜗牛提供了所需的光滑表面。通常这些蜗牛表现出趋触性，也就是说它们更喜欢与另一个表面接触，因此它们会聚集在水箱角落和食盘下，或是相互依偎在一起。日常管理时需要牢记这一点。它们有时也会钻到纸巾里面去，因此在布置环境时最好就先把纸巾的边缘压紧，以防止蜗牛因钻入纸巾当中而随着纸巾被意外丢弃。
Maintenance guidance
Collections do vary with exact details of how the snails are serviced, so general details are given here. It does appear the snails are sensitive but do get used to a routine way of being maintained. Therefore, as long as a particular method works at an institution, this is fine. The programme co-ordinators would prefer that any major changes being considered are discussed before implementation.
It is recommended the enclosures are fed and given a basic clean at least twice a week, with smaller plastic boxes best serviced three times weekly. The cycle is basically cleaning the enclosures, damping new tissue and replacing the food, then letting the containers naturally dry out before servicing again – this mimics periods of rain and dry the snails would experience in the wild. Some collections only change the base tissue once a week, just replace the foodplates once or twice in between, to minimise disturbance. See Appendix 4 for a detailed example of a daily servicing regime. It is important hands are thoroughly cleaned and rinsed before maintenance (see 2.6.2). The snails are very delicate and newborns small, therefore using bare hands rather than gloves is preferred.
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日常管理指导
日常的管理细节是饲养的根本，因此我们在这里提供了一些比较详细的养护方法。这些蜗牛确实非常敏感，但有规律的日常管理它们也确实可以适应。只要某种方法在一个地方是有效的，那就没问题。当然，我们希望在您对下述建议做出任何重大更改之前先（和我们）进行探讨。
我们建议每周至少对饲养环境进行两次大致的清理和喂食，较小的塑料盒最好每周清理三次。其操作大概包括清洁容器、更换纸巾垫材、替换食物，然后（保持一个合理的通风水平）让容器在下次清理以前自然干燥——这模仿了蜗牛在野外经历的旱雨交替。也有些地方每周只给蜗牛更换一次纸巾，间隔着更换一两次食物，以尽量减少对蜗牛的干扰。 有关日常维护制度的详细示例，请参阅附录 4。
在清理环境之前彻底清洁你的双手非常重要（参见 2.6.2）。因为这些蜗牛非常脆弱，幼体非常小，因此最好直接用手操作，不要戴手套。

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爱丁堡动物园的工作人员正在进行帕图螺的日常养护。
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The sides of the containers do not need to be thoroughly cleaned each time. They can be given a basic wipe with damp tissue, for example properly cleaning about half the panels. This prevents too much disturbance of the snails and they are sometimes seen to eat faeces, which may allow re-assimilation of gut flora. Note the build-up of transparent slime on the glass needs to be removed, not just the faeces. When snails are moved for cleaning, they can be placed on a piece of tissue or, to prevent over-handling of young, put in a petri dish which can then easily be placed back in the tank to allow them to move off themselves (this can be particularly useful when counting)
容器的侧面不需要次次都彻底清洁。 用湿润的纸巾大概擦擦就行。比如说，可以可以只清洁内表面大约一半的面积。这可以防止蜗牛受到过多干扰，有时会看到树蜗牛在吃粪便，这可能是回收肠道菌群的一种策略。请注意，内壁上堆积的透明粘液也需要擦掉，而不仅仅是清理粪便。当需要移走蜗牛以进行清洁时，可以先将它们放在一块湿润的纸巾上（待会再抓回去），或者，为了防止多次转移幼体过程中可能导致的（受伤等）问题，可以将拿出的蜗牛都放进那个放墨鱼骨的培养皿里面，这样待会就可以直接把培养皿连着蜗牛一起放回去，让它们自己爬走（只需要抓一遍就够了，这在计数时特别有用）
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人工环境中正在吃自己便便的帕图螺（来自Dave Clarke/ZSL）

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Containers should be given a thorough clean approximately once a month, to remove all build-up of faeces and slime. This can usefully be carried out at the end of the month when a thorough count is made. Chemical detergents can be used but must be thoroughly rinsed afterwards, or very hot water can be adequate. Steam cleaners (which if suitable could remove the need for any detergent use) are also being investigated.
Basic servicing for a small number of containers takes a relatively short period of time given the overall number of animals, each tank requiring only about 5 minutes. However, when you consider preparation, especially diet, and regular thorough counting of the snails and record keeping, this can mount up. When keeping a large number of containers, it becomes quite a commitment, as care of Partula populations can take several hours, 2-3 times per week, and this needs to be apportioned for.
Once again natural substrates are not normally recommended in captivity, unless the snails are part of an agreed trial, for example in a biome exhibit.
容器应每月进行一次彻底的清洁——清除所有积聚的粪便和粘液。这件事可以在月底对蜗牛进行仔细计数时顺便去做。可以在过程中使用化学清洁剂，但如果用了，必须确保彻底将其冲洗干净。其实烫水就已经足够了。蒸汽清洁器（如果可用的话，这种设备在各方面都比化学清洁剂更好）的相关应用也在研究中。
考虑到蜗牛的数量不大，对小型容器作基本护理需要的时间不长，每个容器只需要大约 5 分钟。 然而，考虑到其它准备工作，尤其是食物，以及定期对蜗牛进行彻底计数和记录时，总的耗时无疑会增加。而当你养了很多很多很多树蜗牛的时候，日常管理会成为一项相当繁重的工作：把所有蜗牛照顾一遍可能就需要几个小时，每周都需要管理2-3 次，需要专门分出一块时间来应付它们。
再次强调，不建议在人工饲养树蜗牛的过程中使用任何天然垫材，除非蜗牛是受许可的相关试验的一部分，例如在生态展览中。

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2.1.4 Environment
Environmental parameters are extremely important for all molluscs. Partulids typically come from montane rainforest areas, where temperatures are cool tropical. Experience has shown that in captivity, keeping the holding room environmental conditions within a temperature range of 20 – 24˚C and a humidity range of 60 - 80%, produces the best background conditions for the dampened tissue containers to generate the snails’ micro-environmental conditions. Short-term fluctuations either side of these background ranges can be tolerated without undue stress but are to be avoided over sustained periods. It is recommended the temperatures stay as stable as possible. Absolute range beyond which snails are likely to suffer are below 18 degrees or at and above 28 degrees centigrade. Note that just after servicing the internal humidity in the containers can go to 99%, but this naturally drops over time due to the semi-permeable clingfilm.
It is also acceptable and indeed recommended for the substrate to become relatively dry to the touch by next service period, usually after a few days.
Temperature in the breeding room can be controlled by domestic air conditioning systems with suitable thermostat control, ideally in tandem with humidification, as air conditioning tends to dry the atmosphere. An active form of chilling is important where background temperatures may become high e.g. in the summer months, but where this is less of an issue, just basic heating can be provided (as at Edinburgh Zoo).
Temperatures should be monitored daily by checking a min/max thermo-hygrometer so that any issues can be corrected swiftly. Ideally an electronic datalogger should be used in the room to give a graph reading (data from which can also be uploaded to ZIMS). The snails are precious enough to consider remote environmental monitoring systems to alert any system failures.
Some ventilation for the room is required, although should not overly compromise environmental control.
2.1.4 环境
（适宜的）环境指标对于所有软体动物都极其重要。帕图螺通常来自山地雨林，那里属于凉爽的热带地区。经验表明，在圈养中应将饲养环境保持在 20 – 24°C、60 – 80% 的湿度范围内，这是最适于蜗牛生存的环境条件。在这些条件范围两端的短期波动是可以容忍的，不会对蜗牛产生过度的压力，但应避免持续太长的时间。温度应尽可能保持稳定。18 摄氏度及以下或 28 摄氏度及以上时，蜗牛就会开始觉得不太舒服，虽然每次养护后容器中的相对湿度可能会达到 99%，但这没有关系：由于保鲜膜是透气的，湿度会随着时间的推移而自然下降。
垫纸的触感在下一个周期前（通常是几天后）变得相对干燥也是可以接受的——实际上我们推荐这样做。
饲养环境的温度可以通过温控系统来进行调节，最好能与适当的加湿相结合，因为空调往往会使空气干燥。如果夏季的环境温度会变得过高，制冷设备将显得非常重要。但在不太热的地方，只提供基本的加热温控也是可以的（如在爱丁堡动物园）。
应每天通过检查温湿度计的最小/最大值来监测温度，以便迅速纠正任何问题。 理想情况下，应在房间内使用电子数据记录器来记录相关数据的走向（其中的数据也可以上传到 ZIMS）。这些蜗牛非常珍贵，所以可以考虑使用远程环境监测系统来对任何系统故障作出警报。
房间需要一定的通风，但不应过度影响温湿度。

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Lighting has not proved a known issue, and the snails are normally nocturnal. It is generally recommended for invertebrates that full spectrum lighting is provided, with a 12:12 photoperiod for tropical species, controlled by timer. Partula do well under relatively subdued lighting, fluorescents being adequate and low temperature. T5 is recommended to avoid any flicker affect. For example, at ZSL London Zoo a room 3m x 3m has three Arcadia full spectrum 6% UV luminaire units of 39 watts across the ceiling. However, Edinburgh Zoo use no full spectrum and only lighting, and the snails do very well. There may be speciesspecific variables yet to be determined. An additional room light may be considered beneficial for servicing.
It is important to prevent any contact with chemical cleaners as the snails are very sensitive to contamination. Any use of cleaning chemicals must be minimised & thoroughly rinsed afterwards.
尚未证明这些蜗牛需要任何特殊的照明——实际上（和其他蜗牛一样），帕图螺通常是夜间活动的。然而，我们仍然建议为无脊椎动物提供全光谱的照明，热带物种的光周期为12亮时:12暗时，由定时器控制。帕图螺在相对柔和且不会发出过多热量的荧光灯下生长良好。 建议使用 T5 灯管以避免任何闪烁的影响。 例如，在 ZSL 伦敦动物园，在一个 3m x 3m 的房间中，天花板上安装了三个 39 瓦的 Arcadia 全光谱 6% UV 灯具单元。然而，爱丁堡动物园没有给它们使用全光谱，只使用了普通照明，蜗牛一样表现得很好。 一些物种的生命节律可能受到光照的影响，但目前尚未确定。额外的室内灯更有利于日常维护和清理。
但是，最重要的还是要防止蜗牛们与化学清洁剂接触，因为蜗牛对污染非常敏感。必须尽量减少清洁化学品的使用，并在使用后彻底冲洗容器。
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2.1.5 Dimensions
The two main glass tank sizes in use are 1000px long by 625px by 750px high, and 1250px long by 625px wide by 30 cm high. The standard small plastic boxes size is approx. 110mm wide by 170mm long by 50mm deep, with an intermediate box size of 4000px wide by 280mm long by 2250px deep (boxes supplied by Stewarts Plastics, see Appendix 4).Stocking density can be up to 50 adults and associated young in the tanks, dependant on size of species. Therefore, for a small partulid species there can be up to ~150 snails per tank, however this can mean more frequent cleaning is required. In contrast the smallest box may only be suitable for up to 5 adults and their young
2.1.5 容器尺寸
我们所使用的两种最主要的玻璃容器的尺寸分别为长40厘米、宽25厘米、高30厘米和长50厘米、宽25厘米、高30厘米。标准小塑料盒的尺寸约为110 毫米宽 x 170 毫米长 x 50 毫米深，中间箱尺寸则为 160 厘米宽 x 280 毫米长 x 90 厘米深（箱子由 Stewarts Plastics 提供，参见附录 4）。每个主要的容器最多可饲养 50 只成年帕图螺和其产出的幼体，具体数量取决于物种的大小。对于小型帕图螺品种，每个容器最多可容纳总共约 150 只蜗牛，当然这可能意味着需要清洁和日常打理需要更频繁的进行。相比之下，最小的盒子最多只能容纳 5只帕图螺成体及其产出的幼体。

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2.2 Feeding
2.2.1 Basic Diet
The recommended EAZA region diet is as follows:
• Grass pellets 300g (Drygrass Ltd - 25% oil, 16% protein, 25% fibre, 9% ash).
• Oats 300g
• Trout pellet 150g (Vextra Trout Intermediate 3mm -18% oil, 45% protein, 2% fibre, 8.5% ash)
• Cuttlebone 150g (only the clean inner part is used).
• Stress multi vitamins 25g (see supplements notes).
The diet is reduced (one ingredient at the time) in a coffee bean blender to a fine powder and then combined. Providing the diet is kept dry in a sealed container the prepared diet can be stored for up to six months. Use by dates should be monitored for all individual ingredients are replaced as necessary.
The required amount of dry diet is mixed with filtered tap water to create a runny paste, usually using a spatula. This is then left for five minutes to absorb liquid after which more water is added to reform a runny paste. For the plastic box keeping system a small amount of diet is smeared directly onto one of the upright sides.
2.2 喂食
2.2.1 食物
EAZA推荐的帕图螺饲料配方如下：
• 草粒300 克（Drygrass Ltd - 含有25% 油、16% 蛋白质、25% 纤维、9% 灰分）。
• 燕麦 300 克。
• 鳟鱼颗粒 150 克（Vextra Trout Intermediate 3mm -含有18% 油、45% 蛋白质、2% 纤维、8.5% 灰分）。
• 墨鱼骨150克（只用干净的内部）。
• 复合维生素25克（参见补充说明）。
将食材（逐一地）放入咖啡机中打成细粉，然后再将其混合在一起。如果饲料在密封容器中保持干燥的储存条件，则准备好的饲料可以保存长达六个月以上。应注意饲料中所有组成成分的保质期，并在其可能变质时及时更换。
通常使用抹刀将所需的干饲料与过滤后的自来水混合，直到形成流动的糊状物。放置五分钟以让饲料充分吸水（通常会变得不那么易于流动），然后再添加一些水以再次形成可流动的糊状物，食物本身就配置好了。对于塑料饲养盒而言，可将少量食物直接涂抹在其中一个侧面上。

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2.2.2 Method of Feeding
Depending on the population of the container, the required amount of paste is spread onto the food plates or box side using a spatula. Care should be taken not to spread the paste too thickly as this can result in fungal growth. Feeding is recommended to be every second/third day but not normally any longer to prevent spoiling.
Two feeding methods are currently used in the tank systems, both using acrylic food plates of 5-6mm thickness, usually 280mm by 130mm (although larger 320 x 150mm have also been used):
a) Paste is spread onto a single piece of dampened tissue (same type as the substrate tissue) that is placed on the feed plate and positioned on one side of the substrate. The second feed plate is placed on the base plate or on the tissue close to it (to avoid slipping on the base plate) and lent against the tank wall. The tissue is cut to ensure a gap of at least one centimetre between the edge of the tissue and the edge of the acrylic. This reduces the risk of food transfer to the substrate.
2.2.2 喂食方式
根据容器内饲养的蜗牛数量，用抹刀将相应量的饲料糊糊涂抹到食盘表面或盒子侧面。应注意不要将饲料涂抹得太厚，因为这会让饲料更易发霉。建议每隔两天/三天喂一次，但通常不再放置更久，以防止变质。
目前的饲养箱使用两种喂食方式，均使用厚度为 5-6mm 的有机玻璃（属于亚克力）平板作为食盘，尺寸通常为 280mm x 130mm（也用过更大的， 尺寸为320 x 150mm）：
a) 将饲料糊糊涂抹到一片纸（与垫材所用的纸巾品牌相同）上——纸的尺寸要稍小于食盘，其边缘和食盘边缘之间至少要有一厘米的间隙，这可以防止过稀的饲料流到下面的纸上——然后依靠液体的张力，把这块湿润的饲料纸自然贴在食盘上，然后平放在饲养箱底部的一侧。第二个食盘斜着靠在箱子的侧壁上，其下缘要么贴着第一块食盘的侧面，要么立在第一块食盘旁边的垫纸上（以避免其滑动）。