好棒，继续

能吃吗

没了？

简单来说，加拿大用各种玫瑰品种做母本和中国月季 北关原生蔷薇 现代月季杂交，回交，得到一系列耐寒品种。这些品种以加拿大探险家名字命名，组成了开拓者系列explorer series。
杂交中有一些有趣的现象，拿来水一下。
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/breeding/SvejdaRugosas1976.html
https://www.midwestgardentips.com/rose-index-1/canadian-explorer-roses

慢更，没耐心可以先去看链接

催更

gkd

http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/breeding/SvejdaRugosas1976.html
背景1960s
在废了老多力气让欧洲蔷薇复花之后，人们发现混血的HT不如欧洲蔷薇耐寒了，所以加拿大想培育抗寒月季。

虽然中国月季和玫瑰都能连续开花，但是玫瑰需要春化。二者种在温室里，月季常绿一直开花，玫瑰生长一段时间就衰弱了，落叶休眠，需要春化来恢复活力。
The following example should help to illustrate the complex relationships between continuous flowering and winter hardiness. Continuous flowering but tender cultivars of R. chinensis and continuous flowering but hardy cultivars of R. rugosa were grown together in the field and in the greenhouse. In the field, all cultivars flowered throughout the summer and fall until the termination of growth by frost. Termination of growth in the rugosa was accompanied by abscission of the foliage; but in the chinensis the dead foliage remained on the plants. In spring, the rugosa grew vigorously and showed little or no winter kill, but the chinensis did not survive. In the greenhouse, the chinensis were evergreen and continued to flower throughout the entire year without loss of vigour, but the rugosa grew and flowered vigorously through part of the year only. Even under the favourable growing conditions in the greenhouse, the rugosa abscised the foliage and lost vigour until growth was terminated. At this stage, growth could be induced only after a period of cold storage.

一些加拿大耐寒原种可以复花。玫瑰在北美过得很好，已经野化了。
Some hardy native Canadian species such as R. palustris Marsh., R. setigera Michx., and R. woodsii Lindl. flower repeatedly. Another hardy and repeatedly flowering species, R. rugosa Thunb., is native to Japan. It is very well adapted to the climatic conditions of the North American continent and is frequently found as an escapee.
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_bc9f8f830102wv7y.html
沼泽蔷薇（ Rosa palustris ） 可以长在水里



Rosa setigera Michx. 某种刚毛蔷薇 唯一有性别分化的蔷薇


Rosa woodsii Lindl 森林蔷薇/伍兹蔷薇
https://www.americansouthwest.net/plants/wildflowers/rosa-woodsii5_l.html

玫瑰*中国月季 F1 28%连续开花，抗寒（尽管不如玫瑰），3562株幼苗中只有25株能产生种子， 不同亲本组合花粉可育比例从2%-25%不等。
At the beginning of the breeding program it seemed that new everblooming and hardy roses could be obtained through hybridization of rugosa and chinensis cultivars. Many hybrids of rugosa are known but, to my knowledge, only one hybrid of R. rugosa x R. chinensis was described previously. This hybrid was obtained before 1891 by Bruant of Poitier and described by Andre as R. calocarpa. Regrettably, it is no longer available. We have grown 3562 seedlings from combinations of rugosa and chinensis cultivars between 1962 and 1970. The hybrids survive the winter at Ottawa without coverage, but they are not as hardy as the rugosa parents. Only 28% of the flowering hybrid seedlings flowered continuously. The hybrids from certain cultivars failed to produce flowers. The greatest obstacle to further improvement was the sterility of the hybrids. Only 25 from 3562 seedlings were able to set seeds. The amount of normal and stainable pollen grains varied from 2 to 25% in different hybrids. In spite of low pollen fertility, offspring was obtained from back crosses. The back cross to the chinensis parents produced only tender offspring. The back cross to the rugosa parents produced hardy offspring, but very few seedlings compared favourably in appearance of flowers and shrubs to seedlings from rugosa parentage only.

1961年至1964年，对24种玫瑰的开放授粉幼苗进行了研究。其中只有一个，"'Schneezwerg'"，产生了一个有趣的后代。幼苗在生长习惯、骨架、树叶和花卉方面表现出很大的变化。一般来说，它们非常抗寒，非常抗黑斑，抗白粉，夏季复花。

Schneezwerg 是一个杂交玫瑰，母本是一个P系，父本是玫瑰。由于混入了月季血统，开花性比纯血玫瑰好。

上文那个实生苗似乎就是 'Martin Frobisher'
Dr. Felicitas Svejda育成
比款推荐作为芳香系杂交育种亲本
这款玫瑰不止有玫瑰血统，虽然未公布。它有大多数玫瑰所不具有的特质，俱奶油气味，芳香四溢，多头集群开花，株型可控，耐修剪，完全多季节重复开花，并且低维护甚至零维护。
它的杂交后代大部分可在当年复花（混进了月季）
可以作为在杂交中充当母本，与其它血统亲和力良好
@云小123456