I
N THEautumn of 1912, the fossil collector Richard Markgraf,
with f i nancial support and direction from Bavarian paleontol-
ogist Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach and the Bavarian
Academy of Sciences, discovered the partial skeleton of a bizarre
predatory dinosaur in Upper Cretaceous (early Cenomanian, ϳ97
Ma, see Ismail et al., 1989; Barakat et al., 1993; El Beialy, 1994,
1995; Nabil and Hussein, 1994; Ismail and Soliman, 2001; Ibra-
him, 2002; Gradstein et al., 2005) rocks of the Bahariya Forma-
tion exposed in the Bahariya Oasis of western Egypt (Fig. 1, see
also Sereno et al., 1998; Nothdurft et al., 2002). This gigantic
theropod, Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer, 1915, possessed
highly derived cranial and vertebral features suff i ciently distinct
for it to be designated as the nominal genus of the clade Spino-
sauridae (Stromer, 1915, 1936). Spinosaurids, currently def i ni-
tively known only from Europe, South America, and Africa, are
important because of the scarcity of Cretaceous Gondwanan tet-
rapod fossils (see Krause et al., 1999, 2003; Carrano et al., 2002;
Lamanna et al., 2002). Moreover, fossils of Spinosaurus Stromer,
1915 and other spinosaurids are signif i cant because ofcontroversy
surrounding the postulated paleoecology of these taxa (see dis-
cussions in Charig and Milner, 1997; Sereno et al., 1998; Sues et
al., 2002).

译：
在1912年秋季，化石收藏家理查德·马格拉夫在巴伐利亚古龙托尔-奥斯特恩斯特·弗雷默·冯雷琴巴赫和巴伐利亚科学院的财政支持和指导下，发现了上白垩世一只奇异的食肉恐龙的部分骨骼(早期塞诺马纪，ϳ97 Ma，见Ismail et al.，1989年；Barakat et al.，1993年；El bealy，1994；Nabil和Hussein，1994年；Ismail和Soliman，2001年；Ibra-him，2002年；Gradstein等人，2005年)。Nothdurft等人，2002年)。这只巨大的兽足动物，棘龙，1915年，具有高度衍生的颅骨和脊椎特征，非常明显地区别于它，因此它被指定为甲鱼科的名义属(Stromer，1915,1936)。Spinosaurids目前只从欧洲、南美洲和非洲被发现，由于白垩纪Gondwanan-Rapod化石的稀缺，它们是重要的(见Krause等人，1999年、2003年；Carrano等人，2002年；Lamanna等人，2002年)。(见Krause等人，1999年、2003年；Carrano等人，2002年；Lamanna等人，2002年)。此外，棘龙、斯特罗默(1915年)和其他尖晶石类的化石，由于围绕这些类群的假定古生态学的争议而无法识别(见Charig and Milner，1997；Sereno等人，1998年；Sues等人，2002年)。

Questions related to spinosaurid paleoecology are par-
ticularly important in the Bahariya Formation, where Spinosaurus
appears to have shared its habitat (see Stromer, 1936; Smith et
al., 2001) with at least two other theropods in the size range of
Tyrannosaurus Osborn, 1905 (Bahariasaurus Stromer, 1934 and
Carcharodontosaurus Stromer, 1931).

1912 VIII 46Asteracanthus aegyptiacus Stromer, 1927Hybodontidaedorsal spineGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 47Asteracanthus aegyptiacus Stromer, 1927Hybodontidaedorsal spineGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 47aHybodus aschersoni Stromer, 1927Hybodontidaedorsal spineGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 48cHybodus aschersoni Stromer, 1927Hybodontidaedorsal spineGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 50Hybodus aschersoni Stromer, 1927Hybodontidaedorsal spineGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 32Cretolamna appendiculata (Agassiz, 1843)LamniformestoothBahariya Oasis
1912 VIII 552Cretolamna appendiculata (Agassiz, 1843)LamniformestoothGebel Maghrafa
1922 X 14Lamna planidens (Williston, 1900)LamniformestoothGebel Maghrafa
1911 XII 1Scapanorhynchus subulatus (Agassiz, 1843)Lamniformestooth crownGebel Mandisha
1912 VIII 31Scapanorhynchus subulatus (Agassiz, 1843)LamniformesteethGebel Maghrafa
1912 VIII 35Squalicorax baharijensis (Stromer, 1927)LamniformestoothBahariya Oasis
1912 VIII 37Squalicorax baharijensis (Stromer, 1927)LamniformestoothBahariya Oasis
1912 VIII 45cf. TrygonBatoidea 网页链接 teethGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 44cf. RhinopteraRhinopteridaetoothGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 537cf. RhinopteraRhinopteridaetoothGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 538cf. RhinopteraRhinopteridaetoothGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 539cf. RhinopteraRhinopteridaetoothGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 540cf. RhinopteraRhinopteridaetoothGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 541cf. RhinopteraRhinopteridaetoothGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 542cf. RhinopteraRhinopteridaetoothGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 543cf. RhinopteraRhinopteridaetoothGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 544cf. RhinopteraRhinopteridaetoothGebel el Dist
1912 VIII 545cf. RhinopteraRhinopteridaetoothGebel el Dist

1912 VIII 46Asteracanthus aegyptiacus Stromer，1927Hybodontidaedorsal spineGebel el Dist 1912 VIII 47Asteracanthus aegyptiacus Stromer，1927Hybodontidaedorsal spineGebel el Dist 1912 VIII 47aHybodus aschersoni Stromer，1927Hybodontidaedorsal spineGebel el Dist 1912 VIII 48cHybodus aschersoni Stromer，1927Hybodontidaedorsal spineGebel el Dist 1912 VIII 50Hybodus aschersoni Stromer，1927Hybodontidaedorsal spineGebel el Dist 1912 VIII 32Cretolamna appendiculata(Agassiz，1843)LamniformestoothBahariya Oasis 1912 VIII 552Cretolamna appendiculata(Agassiz，1843)LamniformestoothGebel Maghrafa 1922 X 14Lamna planidens(Williston，1900)LamniformestoothGebel Maghrafa 1911 XII 1Scapanorhynchus subulatus(Agassiz，1843)Lamniformestooth crownGebel Mandisha 1912 VIII 31Scapanorhynchus subulatus(Agassiz，1843)LamniformesteethGebel Maghrafa 1912 VIII 35Squalicorax baharijensis(Stromer，1927)LamniformestoothBahariya Oasis 1912 VIII 37Squalicorax baharijensis(Stromer，1927)LamniformestoothBahariya Oasis 1912 VIII 45cf.小牙胚区1912年，VIII 44 cf。RhinopteraRhinopteridaeblagebel el Dist 1912 VIII 537 cf.RhinopteraRhinopteridae成骨Gebel el Dist 1912 VIII 538 cf.RhinopteraRhinopteridae成骨Gebel el Dist 1912 VIII 539 cf.RhinopteraRhinopteridae成骨Gebel el Dist 1912 VIII 540 cf.RhinopteraRhinopteridae成骨Gebel el Dist 1912 VIII 541 cf.RhinopteraRhinopteridae成骨Gebel el Dist 1912 VIII 542 cf.RhinopteraRhinopteridae成骨Gebel el Dist 1912 VIII 543 cf.RhinopteraRhinopteridae成骨Gebel el Dist 1912 VIII 544 cf.RhinopteraRhinopteridae成骨Gebel el Dist 1912 VIII 545