Umayyad professional forces had changed considerably since the dynasty took over the caliphate following the initial wave of Arab-Islamic expansion in the mid-7th century AD. Although a significant role was still played by infantry archers and javelin throwers, most troops were now mounted infantry. Arab cavalry were still armed with spears and swords, rather than being horse-archers, but had learned much from their Iranian, Turkish and to a lesser extent Byzantine opponents. The Berbers and Germanic. Such Berber tribal forces included substantial numbers of unarmoured light cavalry and were almost certainly capable of fielding a larger proportion of cavalry than the Arabs. 当然这只是David Nicolle在Poitiers AD 732一书中的观点 另外关于Poitiers,这一仗史料实在少得可怜,各本书之间大相径庭也很正常